The Power of AI in Healthcare
In March, Google’s Med-PaLM 2 shocked the profession by scoring an “expert-level” 86.5% on the U. S. medical license exam, a 20-point jump over AI’s previous best. Then, in July, a study found that ChatGPT writes clinical notes so well that independent reviewers can no longer distinguish AI from humans. Many of the skeptics who panned AI’s shortcomings earlier in the year—arguing large language models could never replace most of what writers, educators or doctors do—have changed their outlook on the technology’s potential. As generative AI systems continue getting stronger and smarter (pulling from an ever-larger corpus of knowledge), people increasingly recognize that ChatGPT can match our cognitive abilities. What’s now uncertain is whether there’s anything left about our basic humanity that generative AI cannot emulate and even improve upon.
The Role of AI in Compassionate Healthcare
In healthcare, clinicians insist that chatbots will never match their levels of compassion, empathy or trustworthiness. Medical professionals view these interpersonal skills as distinctly human, foundational to the doctor-patient relationship. Patients value these personal connections, as well. According to one survey, patients ranked “compassion as more important than cost” when rating physicians. But new research indicates machines are rapidly gaining ground in these areas, too.
At the University of Texas in Austin, behavioral therapy treatments were failing to help patients who abuse alcohol. So, the chair of internal medicine asked a team to write a script that clinicians could use to speak more compassionately and better engage with patients. A week later, no one had taken the assignment seriously, so the department head asked ChatGPT to do the job. It complied, masterfully. Not only was the letter excellently written—sincere, considerate, even touching—but it was also devoid of “doctor speak,” which frequently gets in the way of patients adhering to treatment plans. Social workers at the university then asked the generative AI app to rewrite the communication for a fifth-grade reading level, and then translate it into Spanish. The result was greater clarity and appropriateness in both languages. Other clinicians who’ve used chatbots to script more empathetic remarks for patients found themselves equally impressed. In a recent review, one doctor told The New York Times that the results of using ChatGPT “blew me away.”
The Changing Landscape of Doctor-Patient Relationships
Emotional responses like empathy and compassion have long been considered biological. In support of that theory, scientific evidence demonstrates that these traits are inborn, although they can be fostered and expanded over time. The desire to be kind, sympathize with others and care for those in need are precisely the kinds of heartfelt traits that draw people into medical careers. In fact, when medical school applicants are asked, “Why do you want to become a doctor?” the most common responses include:
- To make connections with others
- To help the underserved
Most doctors pursue medicine for kindhearted reasons. But by the time they finish medical school and residency, they emerge with a different set of priorities. In 2021, I published a book about the unseen and unspoken forces that shape doctors. That book, Uncaring: How the Culture of Medicine Kills Doctors & Patients, explains how medical culture erodes compassion and empathy over a decade of clinical training, fundamentally reshaping the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of once-idealistic medical students. Through careful observation of their professors and attending physicians, young doctors learn which emotions and behaviors are rewarded and which are dismissed as unimportant. After a decade of disuse, their “softer skills” atrophy.
We know that physicians value the doctor-patient bond. However, the realities of healthcare today make it difficult to invest time in that relationship. The practice of medicine for most physicians resembles running on a care-delivery treadmill—one that spins ever-faster with each passing year. As economic pressures grow, physicians are forced to see more and more patients each day just to maintain their income. That is why, on average, physicians spend only 17.5 minutes with each patient. And, given the demand to move quickly, physicians interrupt patients after just 11 seconds to eliminate “wasted time.” Of course, doctors don’t hurry up their exams or hijack conversations with the intent to be rude. They truly care about people. They’re just busy. And they’ve learned that taking control allows them to complete the visit more efficiently.
The Impact of AI on Patient Care
While the healthcare industry has been grappling with the anecdotal notions of ChatGPT’s superior soft skills, a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association provides hard evidence. Researchers compared doctor and AI responses to nearly 200 medical questions submitted by patients via social media. The answers were read by a team of healthcare professionals who didn’t know whether the author was a doctor or a bot. The team concluded that 80% of the AI-generated responses were more nuanced, accurate, and detailed than those shared by physicians. But most surprising was ChatGPT’s bedside manner. According to a write-up in U. S. News, “While less than 5% of doctor responses were judged to be ‘empathetic’ or ‘very empathetic,’ that figure shot up to 45% for answers provided by AI.”
ChatGPT is far from perfect. Current versions are tied to medical data published before September 2021. And, on occasion, AI will hallucinate, providing seemingly expert answers that are dead wrong along with references that don’t exist. Clearly, current versions of generative AI aren’t “ready for prime time” when it comes to diagnosing, treating or caring for patients. But these large language models are vastly better at “learning” than any AI that has come before. Thus, anything that can be taught—such as demonstrating compassion—can be learned and mastered by generative AI. As they become faster, smarter, and more powerful, they will become not only more accurate but also more empathetic.
The Future of Medicine: Balancing AI and Human Touch
Today, most patients (60%) are uncomfortable relying on technology over doctors for medical care. Given the choice, they’ll consistently pick a physician over AI. But our nation is facing a worsening physician shortage at the same time it’s experiencing an AI revolution. It now takes 31 days on average to be seen by an OB-GYN and 35 days for a dermatologist. I predict that when people struggle to access timely medical care, they’ll turn to ChatGPT for help. When the answers they get are accurate and compassionate, they’ll turn to AI again the next time they need medical expertise. Over time, people will care less (or not at all) whether the assistance and advice come from a carbon-based life form or a silicon chip.
Already, a growing number of doctors are comfortable using generative AI to assist with everyday healthcare tasks—from writing letters to insurers and transcribing notes to double-checking diagnoses and populating medical records. But if they don’t find ways to demonstrate empathy, sympathy, and respect in ways that foster patient trust, generative AI will fill that gap. Once this process begins, humans will play an ever-smaller role in the provision of medical care.
